Envy is a ubiquitous social emotion often associated with depression, hostility and shame. Often confused with jealousy which involves the fear or anger that a primary relationship is threatened by a third party, envy is an emotion focused on threats to status such that another person's "gain" is viewed as a "loss" for the self. There is very little in the cognitive behavioral literature on the nature and treatment of envy. In this article I outline the research on the nature of envy, the evolutionary model of envy, the relevance of an integrative CBT model that draws on Beck's Generic Cognitive Model and Emotional Schema Therapy, and the implications for case conceptualization and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quote: "Women’s adaptive problem through evolutionary history has therefore primarily been to secure sufficient investment in the relationship and her offspring. If men divert investment from her to other women, this entails fitness costs for her."
Another quote, "In line with previous findings on adults using the forced choice paradigm, adolescent males found the sexual aspect of imagined infidelity more distressing than adolescent females did. Nevertheless, there was no effect of age on the jealousy responses, and age did not moderate the sex difference."

Women will feel more envious than men when their same-sexed friend receives an expensive gift from her romantic partner. Men will envy their peers that have more sexual experience than themselves. Subsequent research confirmed predictions that sex differences in envious responses will be consistent with research on mate preferences from the evolutionary perspective. Same predictable domains will guide these preferences (DelPriore et al., 2012; Hill, DelPriore, & Vaughan, 2011). Men will feel more envious towards those rivals that are better off for their ability to acquire resources, while women will target youth and physical attractiveness (Buss, 1989a).